{"id":14364,"date":"2022-08-30T08:16:59","date_gmt":"2022-08-30T06:16:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nanion.de\/application-areas\/pores-and-channels\/"},"modified":"2025-10-23T06:50:39","modified_gmt":"2025-10-23T04:50:39","slug":"nanopores-and-pore-forming-proteins","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/nanion.com\/ja\/application-areas\/nanopores-and-pore-forming-proteins\/","title":{"rendered":"Nanopores and pore-forming proteins"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-14364\" class=\"panel-layout\"><div id=\"pg-14364-0\" class=\"panel-grid panel-has-style\"><div class=\"siteorigin-panels-stretch panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-14364-0\" data-stretch-type=\"full-width-stretch\"><div id=\"pgc-14364-0-0\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div id=\"panel-14364-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_general-text-widget panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\"><div class=\"so-widget-general-text-widget so-widget-general-text-widget-title-widget-de16310f3dd9-14364\"><style>\n    <\/style>\n<div class=\"container simple-header-section \">\n\t<div class=\"titlewidget-section\" uk-scrollspy=\"cls:uk-animation-slide-bottom; delay: 300\">\n\t\t<svg class=\"bf-text-mobile\">\t\n\t\t\t<path class=\"st0\" d=\"M8.6,104.7V16.3H0V0h26v9.5v6.7v88.4v4.4v11.9H0v-16.3H8.6z\" \/>\n\t\t<\/svg>\n\n\t\t<svg class=\"bf-text\">\n\t\t\t<path d=\"M0.5,0.3V23h12v123h-12v22.7h36.3v-16.5V146V23v-9.4V0.3H0.5z\" \/>\n\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"title-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"texttitle\" uk-scrollspy=\"cls:uk-animation-slide-bottom; delay: 400\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Nanopores and pore-forming proteins<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"titledescription\" uk-scrollspy=\"cls:uk-animation-slide-bottom; delay: 500\">\n\t\t\t\t\tBig insights from small molecular structures.<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<svg class=\"at-text\">\n\t\t\t<path d=\"M25.2,146.2V22.8h12V0H0.8v13.3v9.4v123.5v6.2V169h36.3v-22.8H25.2z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\n\t\t<svg class=\"at-text-mobile\">\t\n\t\t\t<path class=\"st0\" d=\"M17.4,104.7V16.3H26V0H0v9.5v6.7v88.4v4.4v11.9h26v-16.3H17.4z\" \/>\n\t\t<\/svg>\n\t<\/div>\n    <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-14364-1\" class=\"panel-grid panel-has-style\"><div class=\"bg-right panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-14364-1\"><div id=\"pgc-14364-1-0\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div id=\"panel-14364-1-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_read-more-widget panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\"><div class=\"white-text panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-14364-1-0-0\"><div class=\"so-widget-read-more-widget so-widget-read-more-widget-default-d75171398898-14364\"><style>\n    \/*.read-more-section .image-wrapper #box-img-196752129{\n        width: ;\n        height: ;\n    }*\/\n    .read-more-section .image-wrapper #box-img-196752129 .image{\n        width: calc(100% + );\n        height: calc(100% + );\n    }\n<\/style>\n<div class=\"read-more-section row\" id=\"readmore-1647327853\">\n                            <div class=\"col-12 col-md-4 image-wrapper order-0\"> <!--data-aos=\"fade-down\" data-aos-offset=\"700\" data-aos-duration=\"5000\" data-aos-once=\"true\"-->\n                        <div class=\"box-img\" id=\"box-img-196752129\" data-mark>\n                            <noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"image\" src=\"https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/22E3272w.jpg\" style><\/noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"image lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" style data-src=\"https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/22E3272w.jpg\">\n                        <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"col-12 col-md-8 text-wrapper order-1\">\n        <div class=\"title\">\n            <h2>Types of <strong>Nanopores<\/strong><\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"description focus-description \">\n                <p>Nanopores, i.e. apertures with diameters in the nanometer range in an otherwise nonconductive surface, can be exploited for the detection and investigation of molecules on a single particle level as well as for applications like the sequencing of DNA, RNA, and even the primary structure of proteins. While solid-state nanopores are artificially engineered in materials like silicone nitride or aluminum oxide, lipid bilayers can provide a stable nonconductive matrix for the insertion of biological nanopores like e.g. alpha-Hemolysin or Aerolysin.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n            \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\n        jQuery('.read-more-section a[href^=\"tel:\"]').addClass('no-underline');\n\n        if($(document).width() <= 992){\n            let imgHeight = $(\"#readmore-1647327853 .image-wrapper >.box-img\").height();\n            readMoreSetMgB(imgHeight);\n        }else{\n            readMoreSetMgB(0);\n        }\n        $(window).resize(function(){\n            if($(document).width() <= 992){\n                let imgHeight = $(\"#readmore-1647327853 .image-wrapper >.box-img\").height();\n                readMoreSetMgB(imgHeight);\n            }else{\n                readMoreSetMgB(0);\n            }\n        })\n\n        function readMoreSetMgB(imgHeight){\n            \/*console.log('height '+imgHeight);*\/\n            if(imgHeight > 0){\n                $(\"#readmore-1647327853\").closest('.panel-grid').css('margin-bottom',(imgHeight)+'px');\n            }else{\n                $(\"#readmore-1647327853\").closest('.panel-grid').css('margin-bottom','');\n            }\n        }\n    });\n\n<\/script>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-14364-2\" class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\"><div id=\"pgc-14364-2-0\" class=\"panel-grid-cell panel-grid-cell-empty\"><\/div><div id=\"pgc-14364-2-1\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div id=\"panel-14364-2-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"2\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\">\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<h2><strong>Native vs. engineered <\/strong><\/h2>\n<h2>channels, pores and toxins<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-14364-3\" class=\"panel-grid panel-has-style\"><div class=\"panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-14364-3\"><div id=\"pgc-14364-3-0\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div id=\"panel-14364-3-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_characters-max-header-widget panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"3\"><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-14364-3-0-0\"><div class=\"so-widget-characters-max-header-widget so-widget-characters-max-header-widget-default-d75171398898-14364\"><div class=\"characters-max-header\">\n\t<h4 style=\"color: #77c2a1;font-weight: 700;\">DNA nanopores<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-14364-3-1\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div class=\"panel-cell-style panel-cell-style-for-14364-3-1\"><div id=\"panel-14364-3-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child\" data-index=\"4\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\">\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p>DNA provides a powerful tool to design nanopores of freely definable size and shape for the transport of certain molecules or their usage in sequencing applications. Lipid bilayers provide the means to investigate and verify the properties of such tailor-made DNA pores on a single molecule level.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-14364-3-1-1\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-image\" data-index=\"5\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-image so-widget-sow-image-default-334eeca80698-14364\">\n<div class=\"sow-image-container\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41565-022-01116-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n\t\t\t<noscript><img src=\"https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2023-02-03-17_24_47-Fig.-4_-Specific-and-label-free-IgG-sensing-using-DNA-nanopores-Sqr-10-Biot-a\u2013f-e1676715206146.png\" width=\"1972\" height=\"744\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2023-02-03-17_24_47-Fig.-4_-Specific-and-label-free-IgG-sensing-using-DNA-nanopores-Sqr-10-Biot-a\u2013f-e1676715206146.png 1972w, https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2023-02-03-17_24_47-Fig.-4_-Specific-and-label-free-IgG-sensing-using-DNA-nanopores-Sqr-10-Biot-a\u2013f-e1676715206146-300x113.png 300w, https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2023-02-03-17_24_47-Fig.-4_-Specific-and-label-free-IgG-sensing-using-DNA-nanopores-Sqr-10-Biot-a\u2013f-e1676715206146-1024x386.png 1024w, https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2023-02-03-17_24_47-Fig.-4_-Specific-and-label-free-IgG-sensing-using-DNA-nanopores-Sqr-10-Biot-a\u2013f-e1676715206146-768x290.png 768w, https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2023-02-03-17_24_47-Fig.-4_-Specific-and-label-free-IgG-sensing-using-DNA-nanopores-Sqr-10-Biot-a\u2013f-e1676715206146-1536x580.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1972px) 100vw, 1972px\" alt class=\"so-widget-image\"><\/noscript><img src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201972%20744%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" width=\"1972\" height=\"744\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201972%20744%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E 1972w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1972px) 100vw, 1972px\" alt class=\"so-widget-image lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2023-02-03-17_24_47-Fig.-4_-Specific-and-label-free-IgG-sensing-using-DNA-nanopores-Sqr-10-Biot-a\u2013f-e1676715206146.png 1972w, https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2023-02-03-17_24_47-Fig.-4_-Specific-and-label-free-IgG-sensing-using-DNA-nanopores-Sqr-10-Biot-a\u2013f-e1676715206146-300x113.png 300w, https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2023-02-03-17_24_47-Fig.-4_-Specific-and-label-free-IgG-sensing-using-DNA-nanopores-Sqr-10-Biot-a\u2013f-e1676715206146-1024x386.png 1024w, https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2023-02-03-17_24_47-Fig.-4_-Specific-and-label-free-IgG-sensing-using-DNA-nanopores-Sqr-10-Biot-a\u2013f-e1676715206146-768x290.png 768w, https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2023-02-03-17_24_47-Fig.-4_-Specific-and-label-free-IgG-sensing-using-DNA-nanopores-Sqr-10-Biot-a\u2013f-e1676715206146-1536x580.png 1536w\" data-src=\"https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2023-02-03-17_24_47-Fig.-4_-Specific-and-label-free-IgG-sensing-using-DNA-nanopores-Sqr-10-Biot-a\u2013f-e1676715206146.png\">\n\t\t\t<\/a><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-14364-3-1-2\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-last-child\" data-index=\"6\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\">\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p>Figure representing tests whether DNA nanopores permit label-free, direct, and specific detection of IgG antibodies at the single-molecule level. Specific and label-free IgG sensing using DNA nanopores Sqr-10-Biot using bilayer <a href=\"\/products\/orbit-mini\/\">Orbit mini<\/a> \/ <a href=\"\/products\/orbit-16-tc\/\">Orbit 16 TC<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41565-022-01116-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Xing Y., et al. Nature Nanotechnology (2022)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-14364-4\" class=\"panel-grid panel-has-style\"><div class=\"panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-14364-4\"><div id=\"pgc-14364-4-0\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div id=\"panel-14364-4-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_characters-max-header-widget panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"7\"><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-14364-4-0-0\"><div class=\"so-widget-characters-max-header-widget so-widget-characters-max-header-widget-default-d75171398898-14364\"><div class=\"characters-max-header\">\n\t<h4 style=\"color: #77c2a1;font-weight: 700;\">Pore-forming toxins<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-14364-4-1\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div class=\"panel-cell-style panel-cell-style-for-14364-4-1\"><div id=\"panel-14364-4-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child\" data-index=\"8\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\">\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p>Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are an important area of study in toxin research. Unlike toxins that target ion channels, PFT create nano-scale pores in cell membranes themselves, disrupting cellular ion balance and affecting cell\u2019s normal function. Understanding how these toxins form pores and interact with membranes provides valuable insights into cellular mechanisms and pathogen-host interactions.<\/p>\n<p>Although PFTs represent the largest class of bacterial toxins, they are not exclusive to bacteria; these proteins are found across all kingdoms of life, including mammals, invertebrates, plants, and fungi. PFTs demonstrate a conserved molecular strategy across diverse life forms, highlighting their fundamental importance in cellular interactions, defense mechanisms, and survival tactics.<\/p>\n<p>PFTs are classified into two main categories based on their pore-forming structures:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u03b1-PFTs: Form pores using \u03b1-helices (e.g., Cytolysin A of E. coli)<\/li>\n<li>\u03b2-PFTs: Create pores using \u03b2-barrels (e.g., \u03b1-hemolysin)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The creation of pores by PFTs leads to several detrimental effects on target cells:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Osmotic imbalance<\/li>\n<li>Loss of membrane potential<\/li>\n<li>Efflux of ions and nutrients<\/li>\n<li>Dissipation of the protonmotive force (PMF)<\/li>\n<li>Cellular death through necrosis or apoptosis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Applications:<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 72px;\" border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 18.5669%; height: 24px;\">Antimicrobial Agents<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 81.4331%; height: 24px;\">Some pore-forming peptides (e.g., melittin, Smp24) are studied as potential antibiotics for drug-resistant bacteria.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 18.5669%; height: 24px;\">Biosensors and Sequencing<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 81.4331%; height: 24px;\">Engineered pore-forming toxins (e.g., \u03b1-Hemolysin) are used in biosensors and nanopore sequencing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 18.5669%; height: 24px;\">Cancer Therapy<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 81.4331%; height: 24px;\">Selective pore-forming toxins target tumor cells by exploiting differences in membrane composition.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div id=\"panel-873-4-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child\" data-index=\"8\">\n<div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\">\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In the recommended publication below, <a href=\"\/products\/orbit-mini\/\">Orbit mini<\/a> was used for the investigation of the pore-forming protein Bryoprin with artificial lipid bilayers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-14364-4-1-1\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-last-child\" data-index=\"9\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\">\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jbc.org\/article\/S0021-9258(22)00898-5\/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Solinc G., et al. Journal of Biological Chemistry (2022)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-14364-5\" class=\"panel-grid panel-has-style\"><div class=\"panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-14364-5\"><div id=\"pgc-14364-5-0\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div id=\"panel-14364-5-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_characters-max-header-widget panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"10\"><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-14364-5-0-0\"><div class=\"so-widget-characters-max-header-widget so-widget-characters-max-header-widget-default-d75171398898-14364\"><div class=\"characters-max-header\">\n\t<h4 style=\"color: #77c2a1;font-weight: 700;\">Antimicrobial peptides<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-14364-5-1\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div class=\"panel-cell-style panel-cell-style-for-14364-5-1\"><div id=\"panel-14364-5-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"11\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\">\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p>Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including pore-forming peptides, are considered promising candidates for combating multidrug-resistant pathogens<span class=\"whitespace-nowrap\">. <\/span>AMPs can directly kill bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains, by rapidly permeabilizing bacterial membranes<span class=\"whitespace-nowrap\">.<\/span> Bacteria develop resistance to AMPs more slowly compared to conventional antibiotics, making these peptides potential next-generation antibiotics<span class=\"whitespace-nowrap\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The general concept of using pore-forming peptides as antibiotics is supported. AMPs are being investigated for their ability to:<\/p>\n<ol class=\"marker:text-textOff list-decimal pl-8\">\n<li>Directly kill bacteria through membrane permeabilization<\/li>\n<li>Enhance the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics against resistant pathogens<\/li>\n<li>Prevent biofilm formation<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Research is ongoing to design and optimize AMPs for therapeutic use, with a focus on their ability to selectively target pathogenic bacteria while minimizing toxicity to human cells<span class=\"whitespace-nowrap\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-14364-6\" class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\"><div id=\"pgc-14364-6-0\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div class=\"panel-cell-style panel-cell-style-for-14364-6-0\"><div id=\"panel-14364-6-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-headline panel-first-child\" data-index=\"12\"><div class=\"all-font-bold panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-14364-6-0-0\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-headline so-widget-sow-headline-default-810623cd80db-14364\"><div class=\"sow-headline-container \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"sow-headline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTowards sequencing through nanopores\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-14364-6-0-1\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor\" data-index=\"13\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\">\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p>Nanopores, i.e. apertures with diameters in the nanometer range in an otherwise nonconductive surface, can be exploited for the detection and investigation of molecules on a single particle level and ultimately for applications like the sequencing of DNA, RNA and even the primary structure of proteins. While solid-state nanopores are artificially engineered in materials like silicone nitride or aluminum oxide, lipid bilayers can provide a stable nonconductive matrix for the insertion of biological nanopores like e.g. alpha-Hemolysin or Aerolysin. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/jacs.2c06211\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span class=\"hlFld-ContribAuthor\">Ensslen et al, JACS 2022<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"loa-info hlFld-Affiliation\">\n<div class=\"loa-info--wrapper\">\n<div class=\"loa-info-scifinder\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-14364-6-0-2\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-button panel-last-child\" data-index=\"14\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-button so-widget-sow-button-flat-10f3526e3813-14364\"><div class=\"ow-button-base ow-button-align-left\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"\/resources\/target-database\/\" class=\"btn-primary sowb-button ow-icon-placement-left ow-button-hover\">\n\t\t<span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTarget database\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-14364-6-1\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div class=\"panel-cell-style panel-cell-style-for-14364-6-1\"><div id=\"panel-14364-6-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_image-out-container-theme-widget panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"15\"><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-14364-6-1-0\"><div class=\"so-widget-image-out-container-theme-widget so-widget-image-out-container-theme-widget-default-d75171398898-14364\">    <div class=\"img-out-container-warp\" style=\"max-width:495px;position:relative;transform: translateX(-0px); float:left; left:0; z-index: 10;\">\n        <div class=\"dotted-grid bottom-right mobile-disable-dotted-grid-aimation \" data-translatemarky=\"103\" data-translatemarkx=\"100\" data-duration=\"180%\" data-mobilemargin=\"no\" style=\"width:450px;height:340px; max-width:100%;\"><\/div>        <div class=\"img-out-container\">\n            <noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"990\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Pores-and-Toxins_990x720-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt srcset=\"https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Pores-and-Toxins_990x720-1.jpg 990w, https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Pores-and-Toxins_990x720-1-300x218.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Pores-and-Toxins_990x720-1-768x559.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 990px) 100vw, 990px\"><\/noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"990\" height=\"720\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20990%20720%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" class=\"attachment-full size-full lazyload\" alt srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20990%20720%22%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E 990w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 990px) 100vw, 990px\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Pores-and-Toxins_990x720-1.jpg 990w, https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Pores-and-Toxins_990x720-1-300x218.jpg 300w, https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Pores-and-Toxins_990x720-1-768x559.jpg 768w\" data-src=\"https:\/\/nanion.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Pores-and-Toxins_990x720-1.jpg\">        <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n    <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-14364-7\" class=\"panel-grid panel-has-style\"><div class=\"siteorigin-panels-stretch panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-14364-7\" data-stretch-type=\"full\"><div id=\"pgc-14364-7-0\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div class=\"panel-cell-style panel-cell-style-for-14364-7-0\"><div id=\"panel-14364-7-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-headline panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"16\"><div class=\"all-font-bold panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-14364-7-0-0\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-headline so-widget-sow-headline-default-f63c946382f4-14364\"><div class=\"sow-headline-container \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"sow-headline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tElectrophysiology<br>in bilayers\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-14364-7-1\" class=\"panel-grid-cell panel-grid-cell-mobile-last\"><div id=\"panel-14364-7-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child\" data-index=\"17\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\">\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<h3><strong>Single ion channel<\/strong> recordings in lipid bilayers<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-14364-7-1-1\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor\" data-index=\"18\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\">\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p>Whole-cell patch clamping allows for the straightforward and high-throughput compatible investigation of ion channels in living cells. Detailed information about open probabilities, unitary currents, and the precise kinetic behavior of an ion channel can, however, only be obtained on a single channel level. The introduction of ion channels to lipid bilayers provides a convenient and reliable alternative to the tedious and difficult technique of cell-attached recordings on native membranes. Currents evoked by ion channels introduced into lipid bilayers can conveniently be recorded on the <a href=\"\/products\/orbit-mini\/\">Orbit mini<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-022-04637-w#auth-Maria_V_-Yelshanskaya\" data-test=\"author-name\" data-track=\"click\" data-track-action=\"open author\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-author-popup=\"auth-Maria_V_-Yelshanskaya\">Yelshanskaya M.V., et al. Nature 2022<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-14364-7-1-2\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-button panel-last-child\" data-index=\"19\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-button so-widget-sow-button-flat-10f3526e3813-14364\"><div class=\"ow-button-base ow-button-align-left\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"\/product-categories\/membrane-biophysics\/\" class=\"btn-primary sowb-button ow-icon-placement-left ow-button-hover\">\n\t\t<span>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSee our product areas\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-14364-7-2\" class=\"panel-grid-cell panel-grid-cell-empty\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-14364-8\" class=\"panel-grid panel-has-style\"><div class=\"bg-left panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-14364-8\"><div id=\"pgc-14364-8-0\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div id=\"panel-14364-8-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_siteorigin-panels-builder panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"20\"><div id=\"pl-w6412890b6202f\" class=\"panel-layout\"><div id=\"pg-w6412890b6202f-0\" class=\"panel-grid panel-has-style\"><div class=\"panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-w6412890b6202f-0\"><div id=\"pgc-w6412890b6202f-0-0\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div id=\"panel-w6412890b6202f-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-headline panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\"><div class=\"all-font-bold panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-w6412890b6202f-0-0-0\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-headline so-widget-sow-headline-default-087580a7c05b\"><div class=\"sow-headline-container \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"sow-headline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHow can we  help you?\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-w6412890b6202f-0-1\" class=\"panel-grid-cell panel-grid-cell-empty panel-grid-cell-mobile-last\"><\/div><div id=\"pgc-w6412890b6202f-0-2\" class=\"panel-grid-cell panel-grid-cell-empty\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pg-w6412890b6202f-1\" class=\"panel-grid panel-has-style\"><div class=\"panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-w6412890b6202f-1\"><div id=\"pgc-w6412890b6202f-1-0\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div class=\"tablet-50 panel-cell-style panel-cell-style-for-w6412890b6202f-1-0\"><div id=\"panel-w6412890b6202f-1-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\"><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-w6412890b6202f-1-0-0\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\">\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p>Contact our specialist Dr. Conrad Weichbrodt (Product Manager of the Orbit family). Conrad is delighted to help you:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-w6412890b6202f-1-1\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div class=\"tablet-50 panel-cell-style panel-cell-style-for-w6412890b6202f-1-1\"><div id=\"panel-w6412890b6202f-1-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"2\"><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-w6412890b6202f-1-1-0\"><div class=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\">\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p><strong><a href=\"Conrad@nanion.de\">Conrad@nanion.de<\/a><\/strong><br>\nor call: <strong>+49 89 2190 95-062<\/strong><br>\nor connect via <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/conrad-weichbrodt-591a09bb\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LinkedIn<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-w6412890b6202f-1-2\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div id=\"panel-w6412890b6202f-1-2-0\" 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